Document Type
Article
Publication Date
4-2016
Publication Citation
30 Conservation Biology 268 (2016)
Abstract
All U.S. federal agencies administering environmental laws purport to practice adaptive management (AM), but little is known about how they actually implement this conservation tool. A gap between the theory and practice of AM is revealed in judicial decisions reviewing agency adaptive management plans. We analyzed all U.S. federal court opinions published through 1 January 2015 to identify the agency AM practices courts found most deficient. The shortcomings included lack of clear objectives and processes, monitoring thresholds, and defined actions triggered by thresholds. This trio of agency shortcuts around critical, iterative steps characterizes what we call AM-lite. Passive AM differs from active AM in its relative lack of management interventions through experimental strategies. In contrast, AM-lite is a distinctive form of passive AM that fails to provide for the iterative steps necessary to learn from management. Courts have developed a sophisticated understanding of AM and often offer instructive rather than merely critical opinions. The role of the judiciary is limited by agency discretion under U.S. administrative law. But courts have overturned some agency AM-lite practices and insisted on more rigorous analyses to ensure that the promised benefits of structured learning and fine-tuned management have a reasonable likelihood of occurring. Nonetheless, there remains a mismatch in U.S. administrative law between the flexibility demanded by adaptive management and the legal objectives of transparency, public participation, and finality.
Recommended Citation
Robert L. Fischman & J. B. Ruhl,
Judging Adaptive Management Practices of U.S. Agencies,
30 Conservation Biology 268 (2016)
(2016).
Available at:
https://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/facpub/2992
Included in
Biology Commons, Environmental Law Commons, Natural Resources and Conservation Commons, Natural Resources Management and Policy Commons
Comments
Attached file is a preprint version of what was eventually published as Conservation Biology, v. 30 no. 2, 268-275 (April 2016).